Research

Supply and demand dynamics play a pivotal role in determining price direction in various markets, and carbon allowance markets, which are an integral part of the Emission Trading Systems (ETS), are no exception. However, there are specific elements of supply and demand that are unique to carbon markets, as we discuss in this paper:

In recent years, the world has experienced unprecedented climate events. September 2023 was the warmest September on record, reaching 1.44°C (2.59°F) above the 20th century average temperature. In the same month, we witnessed an unprecedented amount of rain and floods, which caused devastation in New York, Brazil, Libya, and Hong Kong. While no specific event can be directly attributable to global warming, these events highlight the urgency and importance of coordinated action to address climate change.

Over the last few years, exposure to carbon as an asset class has become a common component in investor portfolios. Investors thinking of adding carbon exposure to their portfolios will inevitably have to decide how to allocate that exposure across regional carbon allowance markets. This paper discusses investment considerations that should go into this decision, focusing on the pitfalls of concentrated portfolios and the benefits of diversification.

In the discussions of carbon allowance future price trajectories, the cost of abatement technologies often comes up as a fundamental factor that may set a "ceiling" on European Union allowance (EUA) prices. In other words, if the carbon allowances reach the abatement cost levels..

The concept of pricing carbon was introduced less than twenty years ago, when the first carbon allowance market launched in 2005 in Europe. Today, there are 68 carbon pricing initiatives across the globe, which is more than double of what it was ten years ago.

California has long been a national leader in ambitious climate policy, having set its original greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction targets in 2006 and implementing its cap-and-trade program in 2013. Prices for the California Carbon Allowances (CCAs)